Bermuda Triangle
Bermuda Triangle
Bermuda Triangle
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 Classic borders of the Bermuda Triangle |
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Classification
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Grouping
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Paranormal places
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Description
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Also known as
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Devil's Triangle
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Country
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Status
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The Bermuda Triangle, sometimes called the Devil's Triangle, is reputedly an area in
the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean. The
triangle doesn't exist according to theUS Navy and the name is not
recognized by the US Board on Geographic Names.[1]
However, a number of aircraft and surface vessels are said to have disappeared in the triangle under unknown circumstances. Popular culture has attributed various disappearances to the paranormal or activity by extraterrestrial beings.[2] Documented evidence indicates that a significant percentage of the incidents were spurious, inaccurately reported, or embellished by later authors.[3][4][5] Contrary to popular belief, insurance companies do not charge higher premiums for shipping in this area.[3]
Triangle area
Writers give different boundaries to the
triangle, with the total area varying from 500,000 to 1.5 million square miles.[4] Consequently, the
determination of which accidents have occurred inside the triangle depends on
which writer reports them.[4] The first written
boundaries date from a 1964 issue of pulp magazine Argosy,[6] where the triangle's three vertices are in Miami, Florida peninsula; in San Juan,Puerto Rico; and in
the mid-Atlantic island of Bermuda.[4] The United States Board on Geographic Names does not recognize this
name, and it's not delimited in any map drawn by US government agencies.[4]
The area is one of the most heavily traveled
shipping lanes in the world, with ships crossing through it daily for ports in
the Americas,Europe, and the
Caribbean Islands. Cruise ships are also plentiful, and pleasure craft
regularly go back and forth between Florida and the islands. It is also a
heavily flown route for commercial and private aircraft heading towards
Florida, the Caribbean, and South America from points north.
History
Origins
The earliest allegation of unusual
disappearances in the Bermuda area appeared in a September 16, 1950 Associated Press article by Edward Van
Winkle Jones.[7] Two years later, Fate magazine published
"Sea Mystery at Our Back Door",[8] a short article by George
X. Sand covering the loss of several planes and ships, including the loss of Flight 19, a group
of five U.S. Navy TBM Avenger bombers on a training
mission. Sand's article was the first to lay out the now-familiar triangular
area where the losses took place. Flight 19 alone would be covered again in the
April 1962 issue of American Legion magazine.[9] It was claimed[by whom?] that the flight leader had
been heard saying, "We are entering white water, nothing seems right. We
don't know where we are, the water is green, no white." It was also
claimed that officials at the Navy board of inquiry stated that the planes "flew
off to Mars." Sand's article was the first to suggest a supernatural
element to the Flight 19 incident. In the February 1964 issue of Argosy, Vincent Gaddis's
article "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle" argued that Flight 19 and other
disappearances were part of a pattern of strange events in the region.[6] The next year, Gaddis
expanded this article into a book, Invisible Horizons.[10]
Others would follow with their own works,
elaborating on Gaddis' ideas: John Wallace Spencer (Limbo of the Lost,
1969, repr. 1973);[11]Charles Berlitz (The Bermuda Triangle, 1974);[12] Richard Winer (The Devil's Triangle,
1974),[13] and many others, all
keeping to some of the same supernatural elements outlined by Eckert.[14]
Larry Kusche
Lawrence David Kusche,
a research librarian from Arizona State University and author of The Bermuda Triangle
Mystery: Solved(1975)[15] argued that many claims of
Gaddis and subsequent writers were often exaggerated, dubious or unverifiable.
Kusche's research revealed a number of inaccuracies and inconsistencies between
Berlitz's accounts and statements from eyewitnesses, participants, and others
involved in the initial incidents. Kusche noted cases where pertinent
information went unreported, such as the disappearance of round-the-world
yachtsman Donald Crowhurst,
which Berlitz had presented as a mystery, despite clear evidence to the
contrary. Another example was the ore-carrier recounted by Berlitz as lost
without trace three days out of an Atlantic port when it had been lost
three days out of a port with the same name in the Pacific Ocean. Kusche also argued
that a large percentage of the incidents that sparked allegations of the
Triangle's mysterious influence actually occurred well outside it. Often his
research was simple: he would review period newspapers of the dates of reported
incidents and find reports on possibly relevant events like unusual weather,
that were never mentioned in the disappearance stories.
Kusche concluded that:
·
The number of ships and aircraft reported missing in the
area was not significantly greater, proportionally speaking, than in any other
part of the ocean.
·
In an area frequented by tropical storms, the
number of disappearances that did occur were, for the most part, neither disproportionate,
unlikely, nor mysterious;
·
Furthermore, Berlitz and other writers would often fail
to mention such storms or even represent the disappearance as having happened
in calm conditions when meteorological records clearly contradict this.
·
The numbers themselves had been exaggerated by sloppy
research. A boat's disappearance, for example, would be reported, but its
eventual (if belated) return to port may not have been.
·
Some disappearances had, in fact, never happened. One
plane crash was said to have taken place in 1937 off Daytona Beach, Florida, in front of hundreds of
witnesses; a check of the local papers revealed nothing.
·
The legend of the Bermuda Triangle is a manufactured
mystery, perpetuated by writers who either purposely or unknowingly made use of
misconceptions, faulty reasoning, and sensationalism.[15]
Further responses
When the UK Channel 4 television program The Bermuda Triangle (1992)[16] was being produced by John
Simmons of Geofilms for theEquinox series, the marine
insurance market Lloyd's
of London was asked if an unusually large number of
ships had sunk in the Bermuda Triangle area. Lloyd's of London determined that
large numbers of ships had not sunk there.[17] Lloyd's does not charge
higher rates for passing through this area.[3]
United States Coast Guard records confirm their
conclusion. In fact, the number of supposed disappearances is relatively
insignificant considering the number of ships and aircraft that pass through on
a regular basis.[15]
The Coast Guard is also officially skeptical
of the Triangle, noting that they collect and publish, through their inquiries,
much documentation contradicting many of the incidents written about by the
Triangle authors. In one such incident involving the 1972 explosion and sinking
of the tanker SS V. A. Fogg,
the Coast Guard photographed the wreck and recovered several bodies,[18] in contrast with one
Triangle author's claim that all the bodies had vanished, with the exception of
the captain, who was found sitting in his cabin at his desk, clutching a coffee
cup.[11] In addition, V. A. Fogg sank off the coast of
Texas, nowhere near the commonly accepted boundaries of the Triangle.
The NOVA/Horizon episode The Case of the Bermuda
Triangle,
aired on June 27, 1976, was highly critical, stating that "When we've gone
back to the original sources or the people involved, the mystery evaporates.
Science does not have to answer questions about the Triangle because those
questions are not valid in the first place... Ships and planes behave in the
Triangle the same way they behave everywhere else in the world."[19]
David Kusche pointed out a common problem
with many of the Bermuda Triangle stories and theories: "Say I claim that
a parrot has been kidnapped to teach aliens human language and I challenge you
to prove that is not true. You can even use
Einstein's Theory of Relativity if you like. There is simply no way to prove
such a claim untrue. The burden of proof should be on the people who make these
statements, to show where they got their information from, to see if their
conclusions and interpretations are valid, and if they have left anything
out."[19]
Skeptical researchers, such as Ernest Taves[20] and Barry Singer,[21] have noted how mysteries
and the paranormal are very popular and profitable. This has led to the
production of vast amounts of material on topics such as the Bermuda Triangle.
They were able to show that some of the pro-paranormal material is often misleading
or inaccurate, but its producers continue to market it. Accordingly, they have
claimed that the market is biased in favor of books, TV specials, and other
media that support the Triangle mystery, and against well-researched material
if it espouses a skeptical viewpoint.
Finally, if the Triangle is assumed to cross
land, such as parts of Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, or Bermuda
itself, there is no evidence for the disappearance of any land-based vehicles
or persons.[citation needed] The city of Freeport, located
inside the Triangle, operates a major shipyard and an airport that handles
50,000 flights annually and is visited by over a million tourists a year.[22]
Supernatural explanations
Triangle writers have used a number of
supernatural concepts to explain the events. One explanation pins the blame on
leftover technology from the mythical lost continent of Atlantis. Sometimes
connected to the Atlantis story is the submerged rock formation known as the Bimini Road off the island of Bimini in the Bahamas, which is in
the Triangle by some definitions. Followers of the purported psychic Edgar Cayce take his prediction that
evidence of Atlantis would be found in 1968 as referring to the discovery of
the Bimini Road. Believers describe the formation as a road, wall, or other
structure, though geologists consider it to be of natural origin.[23]
Other writers attribute the events to UFOs.[24] This idea was used by Steven Spielberg for his science
fiction film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which features the lost
Flight 19 aircrews as alien abductees.
Charles Berlitz,
author of various books on anomalous phenomena, lists several theories
attributing the losses in the Triangle to anomalous or unexplained forces.[12]
Natural explanations
Compass variations
Compass problems are one of the
cited phrases in many Triangle incidents. While some have theorized that
unusual local magnetic anomalies may exist in the area,[25] such anomalies have not
been found. Compasses have natural magnetic
variations in relation to themagnetic poles, a fact which navigators have known
for centuries. Magnetic
(compass) north and geographic (true) north are only exactly the same
for a small number of places – for example, as of 2000 in the United States
only those places on a line running fromWisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico.[26] But the public may not be
as informed, and think there is something mysterious about a compass
"changing" across an area as large as the Triangle, which it
naturally will.[15]
False-color image of the
Gulf Stream flowing north through the western Atlantic Ocean. (NASA)
Gulf Stream
The Gulf Stream is a deep ocean current
that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and then flows through the Straits
of Florida into the North Atlantic. In essence, it is a
river within an ocean, and, like a river, it can and does carry floating
objects. It has a surface velocity of up to about 2.5 metres per second
(5.6 mi/h).[27] A small plane making a water landing or a boat having engine
trouble can be carried away from its reported position by the current.
Human error
One of the most cited explanations in
official inquiries as to the loss of any aircraft or vessel is human error.[28] Human stubbornness may have
caused businessman Harvey Conover to lose his sailing yacht, the Revonoc, as he sailed into the
teeth of a storm south of Florida on January 1, 1958.[29]
Violent weather
Hurricanes are powerful storms, which
form in tropical waters and have historically cost thousands of lives lost and
caused billions of dollars in damage. The sinking of Francisco de Bobadilla's Spanish fleet in 1502 was
the first recorded instance of a destructive hurricane. These storms have in
the past caused a number of incidents related to the Triangle.
A powerful downdraft of cold air was suspected to be a cause
in the sinking of the Pride
of Baltimore on May 14, 1986. The crew
of the sunken vessel noted the wind suddenly shifted and increased velocity
from 20 mph to 60–90 mph. A National Hurricane Center satellite
specialist, James Lushine, stated "during very unstable weather conditions
the downburst of cold air from aloft can hit the surface like a bomb, exploding
outward like a giant squall line of wind and water."[30] A similar event occurred to
the Concordia in 2010 off the coast of
Brazil.
Methane hydrates
Worldwide distribution of
confirmed or inferred offshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996.
Source: USGS
Source: USGS
An explanation for some of the disappearances
has focused on the presence of large fields of methane hydrates (a form of natural
gas) on the continental
shelves.[31] Laboratory experiments
carried out in Australia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale
model ship by decreasing the density of the water;[32][33][34] any wreckage consequently
rising to the surface would be rapidly dispersed by the Gulf Stream. It has
been hypothesized that periodic methane eruptions (sometimes called "mud volcanoes")
may produce regions of frothy water that are no longer capable of providing
adequate buoyancy for ships. If this were the
case, such an area forming around a ship could cause it to sink very rapidly
and without warning.
Publications by the USGS describe large stores of
undersea hydrates worldwide, including the Blake Ridge area, off the southeastern United States coast.[35] However, according to other
papers of theirs, no large releases of gas hydrates are believed to have
occurred in the Bermuda Triangle for the past 15,000 years.[17]
Rogue waves
In various oceans around the world, rogue waves have caused ships to sink[36] and oil platforms to
topple.[37] These waves, until 1995,
were considered to be a mystery and/or a myth.[38][39]
Notable incidents
Ellen Austin
The Ellen Austin supposedly came across a
derelict ship, placed on board a prize crew, and
attempted to sail with it to New York in 1881. According to the stories, the
derelict disappeared; others elaborating further that the derelict reappeared
minus the prize crew, then disappeared again with a second prize crew on board.
A check from Lloyd's
of London records proved the existence of the Meta, built in 1854 and that in
1880 the Meta was renamed Ellen Austin. There are no casualty
listings for this vessel, or any vessel at that time, that would suggest a
large number of missing men were placed on board a derelict that later
disappeared.[40]
Schooner Carroll A. Deering,
as seen from the Cape Lookout lightvessel on January 29, 1921, two days
before she was found deserted in North Carolina. (US Coast Guard)
USS Cyclops
The incident resulting in the single largest
loss of life in the history of the US Navy not related to combat occurred when
USS Cyclops, under the command of Lt
Cdr G.W. Worley, went missing without a trace with a crew
of 309 sometime after March 4, 1918, after departing the island of Barbados. Although
there is no strong evidence for any single theory, many independent theories
exist, some blaming storms, some capsizing, and some suggesting that wartime enemy activity was to blame for the loss.[41][42] In addition, two ofCyclops's
sister ships, Proteus and Nereus were subsequently lost in
the North Atlantic during World War II. Both
ships were transporting heavy loads of metallic ore similar to that which was
loaded on Cyclops during her fatal voyage. In
all three cases structural failure due to overloading with a much denser cargo
than designed is considered the most likely cause of sinking.
Carroll A. Deering
A five-masted schooner built in 1919, the Carroll A. Deering was found hard aground and
abandoned at Diamond Shoals, near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on January 31, 1921. Rumors
and more at the time indicated the Deering was a victim of piracy,
possibly connected with the illegal rum-running trade during Prohibition, and
possibly involving another ship, SS Hewitt,
which disappeared at roughly the same time. Just hours later, an unknown
steamer sailed near the lightship along the track of the Deering, and ignored all signals
from the lightship. It is speculated that Hewitt may have been this mystery
ship, and possibly involved in the Deering crew's disappearance.[43]
Flight 19
_flying_in_formation.jpg)
US Navy Avengers, similar
to those of Flight 19.
Flight 19 was a training flight of five TBM
Avenger torpedo bombers that disappeared on December
5, 1945, while over the Atlantic. The squadron's flight plan was scheduled to
take them due east fromFort
Lauderdale for 141 miles, north for 73 miles, and then
back over a final 140-mile leg to complete the exercise. The flight never
returned to base. The disappearance is attributed by Navy investigators to
navigational error leading to the aircraft running out of fuel.
One of the search and rescue aircraft
deployed to look for them, a PBM
Mariner with a 13-man crew, also disappeared. A
tanker off the coast of Florida reported seeing an explosion[44] and observing a widespread
oil slick when fruitlessly searching for survivors. The weather was becoming
stormy by the end of the incident.[45] According to
contemporaneous sources the Mariner had a history of explosions due to vapour
leaks when heavily loaded with fuel, as for a potentially long search and
rescue operation.
Star Tiger and Star
Ariel
G-AHNP Star Tiger disappeared on January 30,
1948 on a flight from the Azores to Bermuda; G-AGRE Star Ariel disappeared on January 17,
1949, on a flight from Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica.
Both were Avro Tudor IV passenger aircraft operated
by British South American Airways.[46] Both planes were operating
at the very limits of their range and the slightest error or fault in the
equipment could keep them from reaching the small island. One plane was not
heard from long before it would have entered the Triangle.[15]
Douglas DC-3
On December 28, 1948, a Douglas DC-3 aircraft, number NC16002, disappeared while on a flight from San Juan,
Puerto Rico, to Miami. No trace of the aircraft or the 32 people onboard was
ever found. From the documentation compiled by the Civil Aeronautics Board
investigation, a possible key to the plane's disappearance was found, but
barely touched upon by the Triangle writers: the plane's batteries were
inspected and found to be low on charge, but ordered back into the plane
without a recharge by the pilot while in San Juan. Whether or not this led to
complete electrical failure will never be known. However, since piston-engined
aircraft rely uponmagnetos to provide spark to their
cylinders rather than a battery powered ignition coil system, this theory is not
strongly convincing.[47]
KC-135 Stratotankers
On August 28, 1963, a pair of US Air Force KC-135
Stratotanker aircraft collided and crashed into the
Atlantic. The Triangle version (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis[6][12][13]) of this
story specifies that they did collide and crash, but there were two distinct
crash sites, separated by over 160 miles (260 km) of water. However, Kusche's
research[15] showed that the
unclassified version of the Air Force investigation report stated that the
debris field defining the second "crash site" was examined by a
search and rescue ship, and found to be a mass of seaweed and driftwood tangled in an old buoy.
Connemara IV
A pleasure yacht was found adrift in the
Atlantic south of Bermuda on September 26, 1955; it is usually stated in the
stories (Berlitz, Winer[12][13]) that the
crew vanished while the yacht survived being at sea during three hurricanes.
The 1955 Atlantic hurricane seasonshows Hurricane Ione passing nearby between the
14th and 18th of that month, with Bermuda being affected by winds of almost
gale force.[15]
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